Energy Consumption in Wheat-Rice Cropping System in Punjab
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024614.1860Keywords:
energy productivity, energy ratio, input energy, output energy, specific energyAbstract
Energy consumption for crop production depends on the availability of energy sources and the capacity of the farmers. This study analyzed energy sources used by farmers for wheat and rice production and identified agricultural operations where energy consumption can be reduced so that operational costs in wheat-rice production system can be lowered. Data on energy use in wheat and rice cropping system was collected by interviewing the farmers using specially designed questionnaire. Relevant information pertaining to human labour use, sources of irrigation, number of irrigations to each crop, quantity of farm inputs, utilization of mechanical power sources and grain yield etc. were collected. The average output energy of grain, input energy, energy ratio and specific energy for wheat crop in the state of Punjab were 68347 MJ ha-1, 15644 MJ ha-1, 8.4 and 3.08 MJ kg-1, respectively. The average output energy of grain, input energy, energy ratio and specific energy for rice were 115888 MJ ha-1, 16438 MJ ha-1, 14.8 and 2.09 MJ kg-1, respectively. For wheat-rice cropping system, the average output energy of grain, input energy, energy ratio and specific energy were 184234.4 MJ ha-1, 32081.4 MJ ha-1, 11.7 and 2.48 MJ kg-1, respectively. Energy ratio (output energy to input energy ratio) of rice is higher than the wheat, indicating rice efficiently utilized energy resources to convert into output of the harvested crop. Similarly, lower specific energy (input energy to yield ratio) of rice as compared to wheat also indicates lower energy consumption to produce per unit of rice. This analysis clearly indicates that rice production is more energy efficient than wheat production in rice-wheat production system. Further, the energy ratio, specific energy and energy productivity of wheat-rice cropping system were estimated as 11.6 to 11.9, 2.44 to 2.51 MJ kg-1 and 0.40 to 0.41kg MJ-1, respectively. This study will be helpful to identify the agricultural operations and implementing suitable interventions for improving energy use efficiency.
Downloads
References
Anonymous. (2023). Package of practice for crops of Punjab Rabi 2023-24. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. 40(2), 1-22 pp. Available at: https://www.pau.edu/content/ccil/pf/pp_rabi.pdf (accessed on 23 August 2024).
Anonymous. (2024). Package of practice for crops of Punjab Kharif 2024. Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana. 41(1), 1-22 pp. Available at: https://www.pau.edu/content/ccil/pf/pp_kharif.pdf (accessed on 23 August 2024).
Chaudhary, V. P., Gangwar, B., Pandey, D. K., & Gangwar, K. S. (2009). Energy auditing of diversified rice-wheat cropping systems in Indo-Gangetic plains. Energy, 34, 1091-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2009.04.017
Kaur, S., Aggarwal, R., & Soni, A. (2011). Study of water-table behaviour for the Indian Punjab using GIS. Water Science and Technology, 63, 1574-1581. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.212
Lohan, S. K., Brar, N. S., Singh, A., Dogra, R., Dixit, A. K., Phutela, U. G., Biwalkar, N., & Javed, M. (2023). Energy input-output analysis of major field vegetable crops production in Punjab. Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India), 60(2), 109-125. https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2023602.1801
Nassiri, S. M., & Singh, S. (2008). Non-Parametric energy use efficiency, energy ratio and specific energy for irrigated wheat crop production. Iran Agricultural Research, 27, 27-38.
Nassiri, S. M., & Singh, S. (2009). Study on energy use efficiency for paddy crop using data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique. Applied Energy, 86, 1320-1325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.10.007
Rathinakumari, A. C., Kumaran, G. S., Venu, S. A., Suraj, B. S. A., Huchagoudar, M., & Surendra, A. R. (2024). Energy input-output analysis for onion production in major onion growing areas of Karnataka State. Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India), 61(2), 275-285. https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2024612.1838
Sharma, P., Yadvika, Verma, K., Yadav, Y. K., & Ravi. (2021). Energy assessment of rice-wheat cropping system in agro-climatic zone-1 of Haryana state. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 43(2), 62-69. https://doi.org/10.9734/JEAI/2021/v43i230647
Singh, H., Singh, A. K., Kushwaha, H. L., & Singh, A. (2007). Energy consumption pattern of wheat production in India. Energy, 32, 1848-1854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2007.03.001
Singh, P., Singh, G., & Sodhi, G. P. S. (2019a). Energy auditing and optimization approach for improving energy efficiency of rice cultivation in southwestern Punjab, India. Energy, 174, 269-279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.169
Singh, P., Singh, G., & Sodhi, G. P. S. (2019b). Applying DEA optimization approach for energy auditing in wheat cultivation under rice-wheat and cotton-wheat cropping systems in north-western India. Energy, 181, 18-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.05.147
Singh, K. P., Mehta, C. R., Singh, M. K., Tripathi, H., & Singh, R. S. (2016). Effect of conservation agricultural practice on energy consumption in crop production system in India. Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 47(4), 21-26.
Subramanian, P., Mahendiran, R., Prabha, B., & Gitanjali, J. (2021). Energy coefficients for energy audit in production agriculture. Manual, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, pp. 6-19.
Tanwar, P. S., & Verma, H. K. (2017). Feed and fodder availability in Punjab state vis-a-vis livestock population - An estimate. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 87(7), 879-884. https://doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v87i7.72260
Van Dijk, W. M., Densmore, A. L., Jackson, C. R., Mackay, J. D., Joshi, S. K., Sinha, R., Shekhar, S., & Gupta, S. (2020). Spatial variation of groundwater response to multiple drivers in a depleting alluvial aquifer system, north-western India. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, 44(1), 94-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133319871941
