Performance Evaluation of Tractor Mufflers for Human Comfort
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2018552.1649Keywords:
Expansion chamber, exhaust back pressure, operator’s ear level, muffler, sound pressure levelAbstract
Tractor mufflers constructed with amalgamation of perforated ducts, baffles or perforated baffles and expansion chambers for acoustic attenuation are commonly used. Poorly designed mufflers provide limited noise reduction and high back pressure, resulting in low fuel efficiency. Sound pressure mapping technique was adopted to identify major contributor of noise for a 47.6 PS tractor. An experiment was carried out to evaluate different muffler designs with regard to sound pressure levels and exhaust back pressure at varying operating conditions. Each muffler design produced noise greater that 90 dBA Leq at operator’s ear level at rated engine speed, and was more than the exposure limit of noise for 8-h work day recommended by ISO and OSHA. Long exposure of this noise might cause occupational disease to operator. Noise reduction was observed in one of the mufflers near rated engine speed with low back pressure with better fuel efficiency. Sound pressure at operator ear level, back pressure and fuel consumption were found within 90.3-92.8 dBA, 1.765-2.157 kPa and 2.65-3.35 l.h-1, respectively, near engine rated speed.
References
ACGIH. 1995. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposures indices, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Anon. 2017a. Production and sale of tractor in India. Agricultural Research Data Book, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute. http://iasri.res.in/agridata/17data/HOME_17.HTML
Anon. 2017b. Agricultural engineering inputs status in India. Agricultural Research Data Book, Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute. http://iasri.res.in/agridata/17data/HOME_17.HTML
Attarchi M; Dehghan F; Safakhah F; Nojomi M; Moham S. 2012. Effect of exposure to occupational noise and shift working on blood pressure in rubber manufacturing company workers. Ind. Health, 50(3), 205-213.
Aybek A; Kamer H A; Arslan S. 2010. Personal noise exposures of operators of agricultural tractors. Appl. Ergon., 41(2), 274-281.
Batel M; Marroquin M; Hald J; Christensen J J; Schumacher A P; Nielsen T G. 2003. Noise source location techniques-simple to advanced applications. Sound Vib., 37(3), 24-38.
BIS. 2000. Tractors and machinery for agriculture and forestry- Noise measurement- method of test. IS 12180 (Part 1): 2000, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, pp: 11.
Broste S K; Hansen D A; Strand R L; Stueland D T. 1989. Hearing loss among high school farm students. Am. J. Public Health, 79(5), 619-622.
Castelli G; Mazzetto F. 1989. On the use of a timeliness function for the selection of mechanization chains. In: Proc. XI International CIGR Congress on Agricultural Engineering, AA Balkema Rotterdam, 2611-2616.
Celen I H; Arin S. 2003. Noise levels of agricultural tractors. Pak. J. Biol. Sci., 6(19), 1706-1711.
Davies Jr D D; Stokes G M; Moore D; Stevens Jr G L. 1954. Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Mufflers with Comments on Engine Exhaust Muffler Design. Technical Report 1192, NACA, 1-47.
Depczynski J; ChallinorK; Fragar L. 2011. Changes in the hearing status and noise injury prevention practices of Australian farmers from 1994 to 2008. J. Agro Med., 16 (2), 127-142.
Dewangan K N; Kumar G P; Tewari V K. 2005. Noise characteristics of tractors and health effect on farmers. Appl. Acoust., 66(9), 1049-1062.
Ekerbicer H; Saltik A. 2008. The health consequences of industrial noise and methods for protection. TAF Preventive Med. Bull., 7 (3), 261-264.
Ferreira J E V; Pinheiro M T S; Dos Santos W R S; Da Silva Maia R. 2016. Graphical representation of chemical periodicity of main elements through box plot. Educ. Quím., 27(3), 209-216.
FuKuDA M. 1963. A study on the exhaust muffler of internal combustion engine. Bull. JSME, 6(22), 255-269.
Grisso R D; Pitman R M; Perumpral J V; Vaughan D H; Roberson G T; Hoy R M. 2009. "Gear up and throttle down” to save fuel.VCE Publication, Publication 442-450, 1-8.
Guo R; Tang W; Zhu W. 2016. Comparison of 1D transfer matrix method and finite element method with tests for acoustic performance of multi-chamber perforated resonator. Appl. Acoust., 112, 140–146.
Ismaila S O; Odusote A. 2014. Noise exposure as a factor in the increase of blood pressure of workers in a sack manufacturing industry. Beni-Suef University J. Basic Appl. Sci., 3(2), 116-121.
ISO. 2013.Acoustics- Estimation of noise induce hearing loss. ISO: 1999:2013, International organization for standardization, ISO/TC 43 Acoustics. pp: 23.
Khaiwal R; Singh T; Tripathy J P; Mor S; Munjal S; Patro B; Panda N. 2016. Assessment of noise pollution in and around a sensitive zone in North India and its non-auditory impacts. Sci. Total Environ., 566, 981-987.
Lee S H; IH J G. 2008. Effect of non-uniform perforation in the long concentric resonator on transmission loss and back pressure. J Sound Vib., 311, 280-296.
Lee J S; Goransson P; Kim Y Y. 2015. Topology optimization for three-phase materials distribution in a dissipative expansion chamber by unified multiphase modeling approach. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 287, 191-211.
Liljedahl J B; Turnquist P K; Smith D W; Hoki M. 1996. Tractors and Their Power Units. Fourth Ed., American Society of Agricultural Engineers, ASAE, Textbook No: 801P0196, 203-239.
Liu C; Ji Z L; Fang Z. 2013. Numerical analysis of acoustic attenuation and flow resistance characteristics of double expansion chamber silencers. Noise Control Eng. J., 61(5), 487-499.
Massart D L; Smeyers-verbeke A J. 2005. Practical Data Handling Visual Presentation of Data by Means of Box Plots. LC.GC Europe, 18 (4), 215-218.
Mehta C R; Chandel N S; Senthilkumar T. 2014. Status, challenges and strategies for farm mechanization in India. Agric. Mech. Asia Afr. Latin Am., 45(4), 43-50.
Meyer R E; Schwab C V; Bern C J. 1993. Tractor noise exposure levels for bean-bar riders. Trans. ASAE, 36(4), 1049-1056.
Munjal M L; Krishnan S; Reddy M M. 1993. Flow-acoustic performance of perforated element mufflers with application to design. Noise Control Eng. J., 40(1), 159-167.
Munjal M L; Vijayasree N K; Chaitanya P. 2013. Flow resistance network analysis of the back-pressure of automotive mufflers. Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci., 20, 339-349.
NIOSH. 1998. Criteria for a recommended standard: Occupational noise exposure. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington DC, USA, Pub. No. 98, pp: 126.
OSHA. 1983. Occupational Noise Exposure Hearing Conservation Amendment Federal Register. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Washington DC, USA, 48, 9738-9783.
Panigrahi S N; Munjal M L. 2005. Combination mufflers-Theory and parametric study. Noise Control Eng. J., 53(6), 247-255.
Panigrahi S N; Munjal M L. 2007. Backpressure considerations in designing of cross flow perforated-element reactive silencers. Noise Control Eng. J., 55(6), 504-515.
Peat K S. 1988. A numerical decoupling analysis of perforated pipe silencer elements. J. Sound Vibr., 123(2), 199-212.
Potente D. 2005. General design principles for an automotive muffler. In:Proc. Acoustics, 9-11.
Ravindran V; Prakash B. 2013. Agricultural tractor noise control. SAE Technical Paper, No. 2013-01-2342, pp: 10.
Shrivastava A K; Tewari V K; Santosh K. 2014. Effect of exhaust back pressure on noise characteristics of tractor mufflers. Agric. Mech. Asia Afr. Latin Am., 45(1), 79-83.
Singh G. 2015. Agricultural mechanisation development in India. Indian J. Agric. Econ., 70, 64-82.
Singh S P; Singh R S; Singh S. 2011. Sale trend of tractors and farm power availability in India. Agric. Eng. Today, 35 (2), 25-35.
Solecki L. 1997. Occupational hearing loss among selected farm tractor operators employed on large multi-production farms in Poland. Int. J. Occup. Med. Environ. Health, 11(1), 69-80.
Solecki L. 2000. Duration of exposure to noise among farmers as an important factors of occupational risk. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 7, 89-93.
Solecki L. 2002a. Hearing loss among private farmers in the lights of current criteria for diminished sense of hearing. Ann. Agric. Environ. Environ. Med., 9, 157-162.
Solecki L. 2002b. Characteristics of private farmer’s noise exposition fluctuations levels-methodical proposals. Bezp. Pr., 9, 19-21.
Solecki L. 2005. Evaluation of annual exposure to noise among private farmers on selected family farms of animal production profile. Ann. Agric. Environ. Med., 12(1), 67-73.
Solecki L. 2006. Characteristics of annual exposure to noise among private farmers on family farms of mixed-production profile. Ann.Agric.Environ.Med.,13(1), 113-118.
Splinter W E; Mumgaard M L; Steinbruegge G W; Larsen L F. 1972. Sound level tests of agricultural tractors. SAE Technical Paper No. 720719, 2147-2152.
Tezer E; Sabanci A. 1997. Agricultural Mechanization. I. Cukurova University College of Agriculture, Adana. Publication No: 44.
Tyagi K K; Singh J; Kher K K; Jain V K; Singh S. 2010. Status and projection estimates of agricultural implements and machinery in India. Agric. Eng. Today, 34(4), 5-14.
Yadav P S; Gaikwad A A; Badgujar S Y; Surkutwar Y V; Karanth N V. 2013. Noise reduction on agricultural tractor. SAE Technical Paper No. 2013- 26-0103, pp: 08.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
How to Cite
