Grain Storage for Food Security and Safety: Research at the University of Manitoba, Canada

Authors

  • Digvir S. Jayas1 Vice President (Research and International) and distisuished Professor, Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Wimmipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2 Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2012491.1462

Keywords:

Grain storage, detection of insects, modified atmosphere, thermal disinfection

Abstract

Globally over 2 billion tonnes of grains, oilseeds, and pulses (hereinafter referred to as grains) are produced annually and stored at different points along the grain distribution chain between the producer and the consumer. The post- harvest losses for grains range from <2% in properly designed and managed storage systems to 50% in poorly designed and managed storage systems. It is possible to reduce grain storage losses by enhancing the understanding of stored-grain ecosystems and developing and adopting loss detection and prevention technologies to increase availability of grains for human and animal consumption. Proper preservation of grain will also ensure supply of high quality raw material to the food industry where processed products are manufactured for human consumption. Researches done and being done at the University of Manitoba towards drying, handling, quality monitoring, and storing of grains are summarised.

References

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; Muir WE; White NDG; Sinha RN. 1996a. Apparent flow coefficient of carbon dioxide through wheat bulks. Can. Agric. Engng., 38, 69-73.

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; Muir WE; White NDG; Sinha RN. 1996b. Finite element model of threedimensional movement of carbon dioxide in grain bins.Can. Agric. Engng., 38, 75-82.

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; Muir WE; White NDG. 1996c. Convective-diffusive transport of carbon dioxide through stored-grain bulks. Trans. ASAE, 39, 1505-1510.

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; Muir WE; White NDG; Sinha RN. 1996d. Distribution of introduced carbon dioxide through stored wheat bulks — a pilot scale study. Can. Agric. Engng., 38, 83-89.

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE; Sinha RN. 1995a. Controlling Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults in wheat stored in bolted-metal bins usingelevated carbon dioxide. Can. Agric. Engng., 37, 217-223.

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; Muir WE; White NDG; Sinha RN. 1995b. Distribution of introduced carbon dioxide through wheat bulks contained in bolted-metal bins. Trans. ASAE, 38, 895-901.

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE. 1990a. Finite difference model of three-dimensional heat transfer in grain bins. Can. Agric. Engng., 32, 315-321.

Alagusundaram K; Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE. 1990b. Three dimen-sional, finite element, heat transfer model of temperature distribution in grain storage bins. Trans. ASAE, 33, 577-584.

Bailey SW; Banks HJ. 1980. A review of recent studies of the effects of controlled atmospheres on stored product pests. In: Shejbal J (ed.), Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grains, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co., 101-118.

Banks HJ; Fields PG. 1995. Physical methods for insect control in stored-grain ecosystemsIn: Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE (eds.), Stored Grain Ecosystems, Marcel Dekker, New York, NY, 353-409.

Canadian Grain Commission, 2010. Available at: http://www.grainscanada.gc.ca/storage-entrepose/monitorprevent-eng.htm (February 22, 2010).

Choudhary R; Paliwal J; Jayas DS. 2008. Classification of cereal grains using wavelet, morphological, colour and textural features of non-touching kernel images. Biosystems Engng., 99, 330-337.

Cofie-Agblor R; Muir WE; Jayas DS; White NDG. 1998. Carbon dioxide sorption by grains and canola at two CO2 concentrations. J. Stored Prod. Res., 34, 159-170.

FAO. 2007. Global cereal grains production and post harvest losses. www.faostat.fao.org.

Ghosh PK; Jayas DS; Gruwel MLH; White NDG. 2006a. Magnetic resonance image analysis to explain moisture movement during wheat drying. Trans. ASABE, 49, 1181-1191.

Ghosh PK; Jayas DS; Gruwel MLH; White NDG. 2006b. Magnetic resonance imaging studies to determine the moisture removal patterns in wheat during drying. Can. Biosystems Engng., 48, 7.13-7.18.

Ghosh PK; Jayas DS; Gruwel MLH; White NDG. 2007. A magnetic resonance imaging study of wheat drying kinetics. Biosystems Engng., 97, 189-199.

Ghosh PK; Jayas DS; Smith EA; Gruwel MLH; White NDG; Zhilkin PA. 2008a. Mathematical modeling of wheat kernel drying with input from moisture movement studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Part I: Model development and comparison with MRI observations. Biosystems Engng., 100, 389-400.

Ghosh, PK; Jayas DS; Smith EA; Gruwel MLH; White NDG. 2008b. Mathematical modeling of wheat kerneldrying with input from moisture movement studies using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Part II: Model comparison with published studies. Biosystems Engng.,100, 547-554.

Ghosh PK; Jayas DS; Gruwel MLH. 2009. Measurement of water diffusivities in barley components using diffusion weighted imaging and validation with a drying model. Drying Technol., 27, 382-392.

Gruwel MLH; Ghosh PK; Latta P; Jayas DS. 2008. On the diffusion constant of water in wheat. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56, 59-62.

Hill DS. 1990. Pests of Stored Products and Their Control. CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Hill DS. 2002. Pests of Stored Foodstuffs and Their Control. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA, USA.

Hulasare RB; White NDG; Jayas DS. 2005. Effect of suboptimal temperatures and sublethal CO2 levels on multiplication of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae), alone or competing withCryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae). J. Stored Prod. Res., 41, 187-197.

Jayas DS; Khangura B; White NDG. 1991. Controlled atmosphere storage of grains. Postharvest News Info., 2,423-427.

Jayas DS; Alagusundaram K; Shunmugam G; Muir WE; White NDG. 1994a. Simulated temperatures of stored grain bulks. Can. Agric. Engng., 36, 239-245.

Jayas DS. 1995. Mathematical modelling of heat, moisture, and gas transfer in stored grain ecosystems. In: Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE (eds.), Stored Grain Ecosystems, New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc., 527-567.

Jayas DS; Karunakarn C; Paliwal J. 2004b. Grain quality monitoring using machine vision and soft X-rays for cereal grains. Plenary presentation. International Quality Grains Conference, Indianapolis, IN, July 19-22.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE. 2002. Temperature and geotaxis preference by Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adults in response to 5EC/m temperature gradients at optimum and hot temperatures in stored wheat and their mortality at high temperature. Environ. Entomol., 31, 816-826.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2003. Movement of adult rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera:Cucujidae), in wheat in response to 5EC/m temperature gradients at cool temperatures. J. Stored Prod. Res., 39, 87-101.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2004a. Movement and distribution of adult rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae), in stored wheat in response to different temperature gradients and insect densities. J. Econ. Entomol., 97, 1148-1158.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2004b. Movement of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in wheat: response to temperature gradients and gravity. Environ. Entomol, 33, 1003-1013.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2005a. Movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in stored wheat in response to temperature gradients, dockage, and moisture differences. J. Stored Prod. Res., 41, 401-422.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2005b. Movement of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) adults in response to temperature gradients in vertical and horizontal wheat and corn columns. J. Econ. Entomol., 98, 1413-1419.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2005c. Effects of temperature acclimation and age on movement of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) adults in response to temperature gradients. Can. Entomol, 137, 71-82.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG; Alagusundaram K. 2005d. A three-dimensional, asymmetric, and transient model to predict grain temperatures in grain storage bins. Trans. ASAE, 48, 263-271.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2006. Vertical movement of adult rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, in stored corn and wheat at uniform moisture content. J. Insect Sci., Article 11, 1-9.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG; Smith EA. 2007a. Twodimensional diffusion of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) populations in stored wheat under constant environmental conditions. J. Stored Prod. Res., 43, 342-348.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG; Fields PG. 2007b. A distributed-delay model to predict aging and survival rates of adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in granaries filled with wheat. Eco. Modelling, 200, 412-420.

Jian F; Jayas DS; White NDG; Smith EA. 2008. Numerical analysis and parameter estimation technique for insect population redistribution models. Eco. Modelling, 211, 47-56.

Jian F; Jayas DS; NDG White. 2009a. Optimal environmental search and scattered orientations during movement of adult rusty grain beetles, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), in grain bulks B suggested movement and distribution pattern. J. Stored Prod. Res., 45, 177-183.

Jian F; Jayas DS; NDG White. 2009b. Temperature fluctuations and moisture migration in wheat stored for 15 months in a metal silo in Canada. J. Stored Prod. Res., 45, 82-90.

Jian F; Larson R; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2011a. Evaluation of sampling units and sampling plans for adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptea: Laemophloeidae) in stored wheat under different temperatures, moisture contents, and adult densities. J. Stored Prod. Res., 47, 334-340.

Jian F; Larson R; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2011b. Three dimensional spatial distribution of adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptea: Laemophloeidae) in stored wheat under different temperatures, moisture contents, and adult densities. J. Stored Prod. Res., 47, 293-305.

Karunakaran C; Visen NS; Paliwal J; Zhang G; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2001. Machine vision systems for agricultural products. Paper No. 01-305, Masonville, PQ: CSAE/SCGR. pp:31.

Karunakaran C; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2003a. X-ray image analysis to detect infestations caused by insects in grain. Cereal Chem., 80, 553-557.

Karunakaran C; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2003b. Soft Xray image analysis to detect wheat kernels damaged by Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Sciences des Aliments, 23, 623-631.

Karunakaran C; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2003c. Soft Xray inspection of wheat kernels infested by Sitophilus oryzae. Trans. ASAE, 46,739-745.

Karunakaran C; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2004a. Detection of internal wheat seed infestation by Rhyzopertha dominica using X-ray imaging. J. Stored Prod. Res., 40, 507-516.

Karunakaran C; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2004b. Detection of infestations by Cryptolestes ferrugineus inside wheat kernels using a soft X-ray method. Can. Biosystems Engng., 46, 7.1-7.9.

Karunakaran C; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2004c. Identification of wheat kernels damaged by the red flour beetle using X-ray images. Biosystems Engng., 87, 267-274.

Luo XY; Jayas DS; Symons SJ. 1999. Identification of damaged kernels in wheat using a color machine vision system. J. Cereal Sci., 30, 49-59.

Majumdar S; Jayas DS. 1999. Classification of bulk samples of cereal grains using machine vision. J. Agric. Engng. Res., 73, 35-47.

Majumdar S; Jayas DS; Symons SJ. 1999. Textural features for grain identification. Agric. Eng. J., 8, 213-222.

Majumdar S; Jayas DS. 2000a. Classification of cereal grains using machine vision: I. Morphology models. Trans. ASAE, 43, 1669-1675.

Majumdar S; Jayas DS. 2000b. Classification of cereal grains using machine vision: II. Color models. Trans. ASAE, 43, 1677-1680.

Majumdar S; Jayas DS. 2000c. Classification of cereal grains using machine vision: III. Texture models. Trans. ASAE, 43, 1681-1687.

Majumdar S; Jayas DS. 2000d. Classification of cereal grains using machine vision: IV. Combined morphology, color, and texture models. Trans. ASAE, 43, 1689-1694.

Manickavasagan A; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2008. Thermal imaging to detect infestation by Cryptolestes ferrugineus inside wheat kernels. J. Stored Prod. Res., 44,186-192.

Mann DD; Jayas DS; Muir WE; White NDG. 1999a. Predicting the gas-tightness of grain storage structures. Can. Agric. Engng., 41, 259-265.

Mann DD; Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE. 1999b. Mortality of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) exposed to changing CO2 concentrations. J. Stored Prod. Res., 35, 385-395.

Mann DD; Jayas DS; Muir WE; White NDG. 1999c. Efficient carbon dioxide fumigation of wheat in weldedsteel hopper bins. Appl. Engng. Agric., 15, 57-63.

Minkevich JM; Demianyk CJ; White NDG; Jayas DS; Timlick B. 2002. A rapid method to detect Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera:Cucujidae) larvae in stored grain. Can. J. Plant Sci., 82, 591-597.

Montross MD; Maier DE; Haghighi K. 2002a. Development of a finite-element stored grain ecosystem model. Trans. ASAE, 45, 1455-1464.

Montross MD; Maier DE; Haghighi K. 2002b. Validation of a finite-element stored grain ecosystem model. Trans. ASAE, 45, 1455-1464.

Muir WE; Fraser BM; Sinha RN. 1980. Simulation model of two dimensional heat transfer in controlled atmosphere grain bins. In: Shejbal J (ed), Controlled Atmosphere Storage of Grains, Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Pub. Co., 385-397.

Nair M; Jayas DS. 1998. Dockage identification in wheat using machine vision. Can. Agric. Engng., 40, 293-298.

Navarro S. 1978. The effects of low oxygen tensions on three stored-product insect pests. Phytoparasitica, 6, 51-58.

Neethirajan S; Jayas DS. 2008. Analysis of pore network in three-dimensional (3D) grain bulks using X-ray CT images. Transport Porous Media, 73, 319-332.

Neethirajan S; Jayas DS; White NDG; Zhang H. 2008. Investigation of 3D geometry of bulk wheat and pea pores using X-ray computed tomography images. Comp. Elec. Agric., 63, 104-111.

Neethirajan S; Karunakaran C; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2006. X-ray computed tomography image analysis to explain the airflow resistance in grain bulks. Biosystems Engng., 94, 545-555.

Paliwal J; Shashidhar NS; Jayas DS. 1999. Grain kernel identification using kernel signature. Trans. ASAE, 42, 1921-1924.

Paliwal J; Visen NS; Jayas DS. 2001. Evaluation of neural network architectures for cereal grain classification using morphological features. J. Agric. Engng. Res., 79, 361-370.

Paliwal J; Visen NS; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2003a. Comparison of a neural network and a non-parametric classifier for grain kernel identification. Biosystems Engng., 85, 405-413.

Paliwal J; Visen NS; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2003b. Cereal grain and dockage identification using machine vision. Biosystems Engng., 85, 51-57.

Paliwal J; Jayas DS; Visen NS; White NDG. 2004. Feasibility of a machine-vision based grain cleaner. Appl. Engng. Agric., 20, 245-248.

Paliwal J; Jayas DS; Visen NS; White NDG. 2005. Quantification of variations in machine vision computed features of cereal grains. Can. Biosystems Engng., 47, 7.1-7.6.

Parde SR; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2004. Movement of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) in grain columns containing pockets of high moisture content wheat and carbon dioxide gradients. J. Stored Prod. Res., 40, 299-316.

Rameshbabu M; Jayas DS; White NDG. 1991. Mortality of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) adults and eggs in elevated carbon dioxide and depleted oxygen atmospheres. J. Stored Prod. Res., 27, 163-170.

Singh CB; Jayas DS; Paliwal J; White NDG. 2007. Fungal detection in wheat using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. Trans. ASABE, 50, 2171-2176.

Singh CB; Jayas DS; Paliwal J; White NDG. 2009a. Detection of insect-damaged wheat kernels using nearinfrared hyperspectral imaging. J. Stored Prod. Res., 45,151-158.

Singh CB; Jayas DS; Paliwal J; White NDG. 2009b.Detection of sprouted and midge-damaged wheat kernels using near-infrared hyperspectral imaging. Cereal Chem., 86, 256-260.

Singh CB; Jayas DS; Paliwal J; White NDG. 2010a. Identification of insect-damaged wheat kernels using shortwave near-infrared hyperspectral and digital colour imaging. Comp. Elec. Agric., 73, 118-125.

Singh CB; Jayas DS; Paliwal J; White NDG. 2010b. Detection of midge-damaged wheat kernels using shortwave near-infrared hyperspectral and digital colour imaging. Biosystems Engng., 105, 380-387.

Singh, CB; Jayas DS; Borondics F.; White NDG. 2011. Synchrotron based infrared imaging study of compositional changes in stored wheat due to infection with Aspergillus Glaucus. J. Stored Prod. Res., 47, 372-377.

Shashidhar NS; Jayas DS, Crowe TG; Bulley NR. 1997. Processing of digital images of touching kernels by ellipse fitting. Can. Agric. Engng., 39, 139-142.

Shatadal P; Jayas DS; Bulley NR. 1995a. Digital image analysis for software separation and classification of touching grains: I. Disconnect algorithm. Trans. ASAE, 38, 635-643.

Shatadal P; Jayas DS; Bulley NR. 1995b. Digital image analysis for software separation and classification of touching grains: II. Classification. Trans. ASAE, 38, 645-649.

Shunmugam G; Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE. 2005. Diffusion of carbon dioxide through grain bulks. J. Stored Prod. Res., 41, 131-144.

Smith LB. 1977. Efficiency of Berlese-tullgren funnels for removal of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, from wheat samples. Can. Entomol., 109, 503-509.

Smith EA; Jayas DS. 2001. Modelling the movement of fumigant gas within grain beds. Trans. ASAE, 44, 661- 667.

Smith EA; Jayas DS; de Ville A. 2001. Modelling the flow of carbon dioxide through beds of cereal grains.Transport Porous Media, 44, 123-144.

Srivastava VK; John J. 2002. Deep bed grain drying modeling. Energy Conv. Manage., 43, 1689-1708.

Thorpe GR. 1995. More complete mathematical descriptions of heat and moisture transfer in ventilated bulks of respiring grains. Agric. Engng. Australia, 24, 10-15.

UN 2009. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/pressrelease.pdf (accessed on February 15, 2010).

Vadivambal R; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2007. Wheat disinfestation using microwave energy. J. Stored Prod. Res., 43, 508-514.

Vadivambal R; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2008a. Mortality of stored-grain insects exposed to microwave energy. Trans. ASABE, 51, 641-647.

Vadivambal R; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2008b. Determination of mortality of different life-stages of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in stored barley using microwaves. J. Econ. Entomol., 101, 1011- 1021.

Vadivambal R; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2010a. Controlling life stages of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) in stored rye using microwave energy. Can. Entomol., 142, 369-377.

Vadivambal R; Deji OF, Jayas DS; White NDG. 2010b. Disinfestation of stored corn using microwave energy. Agric. Biol. J. North Am., 1, 18-26.

Visen NS; Shashidhar NS; Paliwal J; Jayas DS. 2001. Identification and segmentation of occluding groups of grain kernels in a grain sample image. J. Agric. Engng. Res., 79, 159-166.

Visen NS; Paliwal J; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2002. Specialist neural networks for cereal grain classification. Biosystems Engng., 82, 151-159.

Visen NS; Paliwal J; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2004a. Image analysis of bulk grain samples using neural networks. Can. Biosystems Engng., 46, 7.11-7.15.

Visen NS; Jayas DS; Paliwal J; White NDG. 2004b. Comparison of two neural network architectures for classification of singulated cereal grains. Can. Biosystems Engng., 46, 3.7-3.14.

Wang F; Jayas DS; White NDG; Fields PG. 2009. Combined effect of carbon monoxide mixed with carbon dioxide in air on mortality of stored-grain insects. J. Stored Prod. Res., 45, 247-253.

White NDG; Jayas DS. 1991. Control of insects and mites with carbon dioxide in wheat stored at cool temperatures and in non-airtight bins. J. Econ. Entomol., 84, 1933-1942.

White NDG; Jayas DS; Sinha RN. 1988. Interaction of carbon dioxide and oxygen levels, and temperature on adult survival and multiplica-tion of Cryptolestes ferru-gineus in stored wheat. Phytoprotection, 69, 31-39.

White NDG; Jayas DS; Sinha RN. 1990. Carbon dioxide as a control agent for the rusty grain beetle (Coleoptera: Cucujidae) in stored wheat. J. Econ. Entomol., 83, 277-288.

Xu S; Jayas DS; White NDG; Muir WE. 2002. Momentum-diffusive model for gas transfer in granular media. J. Stored Prod. Res., 38, 455-462.

Zhang G; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2005. Separation of touching grain kernels in an image by ellipse fitting algorithm. Biosystems Engng., 92, 135-142.

Zhang H; Paliwal J; Jayas DS; White NDG. 2007. Classification of fungal infected wheat kernels using nearinfrared hyperspectral imaging and support vector machine. Trans. ASABE, 50, 1779-1785.

Published

2012-03-31

Issue

Section

Regular Issue

How to Cite

Digvir S. Jayas1. (2012). Grain Storage for Food Security and Safety: Research at the University of Manitoba, Canada. Journal of Agricultural Engineering (India), 49(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2012491.1462