Potential of Pine Needle Biomass as an Alternative Fuel to Mitigate Forest Fire in Uttarakhand Himalayas - A Review

Padam Singh; T. P. Singh; Rajat Kumar Sharma; Yogesh Kumar Negi; Ramesh Pal

doi:10.52151/jae2021581.1745

Authors

Padam Singh Author
T. P. Singh Author
Rajat Kumar Sharma Author
Yogesh Kumar Negi Author
Ramesh Pal Author

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52151/jae2021581.1745

Keywords:

Briquetting, biomass, forest fire, gasification, energy efficiency, pine needle

Abstract

Pine needle is a typical biomass which is abundantly available in Uttarakhand hills. This shredded biomass contributes significantly in forest fire occurring regularly in Uttarakhand. Different energy harnessing routes as direct combustion, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, gasification, and briquetting for pine needle were reviewed. These routes were further compared on the basis of energy consumption and energy efficiency of the processes as per the available literature. The review suggested that briquetting of pine needle and its anaerobic digestion are two most energy efficient methods having energy efficiency of 88% and 41.6%, respectively. The estimated energy required for briquetting of 1 ton pine needle was 1370.5 MJ, whereas for gasification it was 1170 MJ.

References

Anon. 2018. Study on Impact of Ban on Green Felling on Biophysical status of Forest. Department of Forest, Government of Uttarakhand, pp: 241. https://forest.uk.gov.in/upload/pressrelease/Pressrelease-52.pdf Accessed on 26 June 2021.

Anon. 2019. Data Book. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, pp: 258.

Arena U. 2012. Process and technological aspects of municipal solid waste gasification. A review. Waste Manage., 32, 625-639.

Bharti V; Awasthi M. 2011. Pine needle charcoal briquettes: Rural technology option in pine forest region. Int. J. Power Syst. Oper. Energy Manage., 2, 2231- 2235.

Bhosale T A; Singh P; Punetha A. 2020. Densification of Biomass-Briquetting. In: Advances in Renewable Energy Engineering, AkiNik Publications, New Delhi, 59-69.

Bridgwater A V. 2003. Renewable fuels and chemicals by thermal processing of biomass. Chem. Eng. J., 91, 87-102.

Brown D; Shi J; Li Y. 2012. Comparison of solidstate to liquid anaerobic digestion of lingo cellulosic feedstocks for biogas production. Bioresour. Technol., 124, 379-386.

Buragohain B; Mahanta P; Moholkar V S. 2010. Biomass gasification for decentralized power generation: The Indian perspective. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., 14, 73-92.

Caballero M A; Corella J; Aznar M P; Gil J. 2000. Biomass gasification with air in fluidized bed. Hot gas cleanup with selected commercial and full-size nickel-based catalysts. Indian Eng. Chem. Res., 39, 1143-1154.

De Dipankar. 2005. Energy Use in Crop Production System in India. Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, pp: 369.

Dighe A R. 2011. Studies on suitability of pine needles as substrate for biogas production. Unpublished M.Tech. Thesis, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand.

Ding K Liu S; Huang Y; Liu S; Zhou N; Peng P; Wang Y; Chen P; Ruan R. 2019. Catalytic microwaveassisted pyrolysis of plastic waste over NiO and HY for gasoline-range hydrocarbons production. Energy Convers. Manage., 196, 1316-1325.

Dutta P P; Pandeya V; Dasa A R; Baruahb S D. 2014. Down draft gasification modelling and experimentation of some indigenous biomass for thermal applications. Energy Procedia, 54, 21-34.

Dwivedi R K; Singh R P; Bhattacharya T K. 2016. Studies on bio-pretreatment of pine needles for sustainable energy thereby preventing wild forest fires. Current Sci., 111(2), 388-394.

Efika C E; Wu C; Williams P T. 2012. Syngas production from pyrolysis- catalytic steam reforming of waste biomass in a continuous screw kiln reactor. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 95, 87-94.

Font R; Conesa J A; Moltó J; Muñoz M. 2009. Kinetics of pyrolysis and combustion of pine needles and cones. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 85(1–2), 276-286.

Goyal H B; Seal D; Saxena R C. 2008. Bio-fuels from thermo chemical conversion of renewable resources: A review. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., 12(2), 504-517.

Hassan el-B M; Steele P H; Ingram L. 2009. Characterization of fast pyrolysis bio-oils produced from pretreated pine wood. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 154(1-3), 3-13.

Higman C; Van D B M. 2003. Gasification. 2nd Ed., Gulf Professional Publishing, 36-37. ISBN: 9780080477992.

IEA. 2006. Wind Energy Annual Report. International Energy Association, 96-97.

Iravani S; Zolfaghari B. 2014. Phytochemical analysis of Pinus eldarica bark. Res. Pharm. Sci., 9, 243-250.

Kamali M; Suhas D P; Elisabete M; Capela I. 2019. Sustainability considerations in membranebased technologies for industrial effluents treatment contaminants of emerging concern. Chem. Eng. J., 368, 474-494.

Kaygusuz K. 2009. Biomass as a renewable energy source for sustainable fuels. Energy Sources Part A, 31(6), 535-545.

Kumain A. 2020. Energy Life Cycle Assessment of Pine Needle Biomass and its Utilization as Briquetted Fuel. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, GBPUAT, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand.

Kumari P; Mohanty B. 2020. Hydrogen‐rich gas production with CO2 capture from steam gasification of pine needle using calcium oxide: Experimental and modeling study. Int. J. Energy Res., 44(8), 6927-6938.

Kumar S; Pranav P K. 2018. Gasification prospective of compressed industrial tea (Camellia sinensis) waste using fixed bed downdraft gasifier. J. Agric. Eng., 55(1), 25-35.

Mahajan R; Nikitina A; Litti Y; Kallistova A; Nozhevnikova A; Goel G. 2017. Evaluating anaerobic and aerobic digestion strategies for degradation of pretreated pine needle litter. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 16, 191-200. DOI 10.1007/s13762-017- 1601-y

Mandal S; Bhattacharya T K; Verma A K; Haydary J. 2017. Optimization of process parameters for bio-oil synthesis from pine needles (Pinusroxburghii) using response surface methodology. Chem. Pap., 72, 603- 616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0306-5

Mandal S; Prasanna K G V; Bhattacharya T K. 2018. Briquetting of pine needles (Pinusroxburgii) and their physical, handling and combustion properties. Waste Biomass Valor., 10, 2415–2424.

Martínez J D; Mahkamov K; Andrade R V; Lora E E S. 2012. Syngas production in downdraft biomass gasifiers and its application using internal combustion engines. Renewable Energy, 38, 1-9.

Masek O; Buss W; Brownsort P; Rovere M; Tagliaferro A; Zhao L; Cao X; Xu G. 2019. Potassium doping increases biochar carbon sequestration potential by 45 %, facilitating decoupling of carbon sequestration from soil improvement. Sci. Rep., 9, 5514, 1-8. DOI.10.3390/app10030788

Mirkouei A; Haapala K R; Sessions J; Murthy G S. 2017. A review and future directions in technoeconomic modeling and optimization of upstream forest biomass to bio-oil supply chains. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., 67, 15-35.

Murphy J; McKeogh E; Kiely G. 2004. Technical/ economic/environmental analysis of biogas utilization. Appl. Energy, 77, 407-427.

Pandey S; Dhakal R. 2013. Pine needle briquettes: A renewable source of energy. Int. J. Energy Sci., 3(3), 254-260.

Pereira E G; Da Silva J N; De Oliveira J L; Mac Hado C S. 2009. Sustainable energy: A review of gasification technologies. Renewable Sustain. Energy Rev., 16, 4753-4762.

Sharma A. 2006. Assessing the Suitability of Various Feedstocks for Biomass Gasification. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering, Luisiana State University.

Sharma H K; Kumain A; Bhattacharya T K. 2020. Characteristic properties of pine needle biochar blocks with distinctive binders. Current Sci., 118, 1959-1967.

Sharma R K; Bhattacharya T K; Kumain A; Chand P; Mandal S. 2020. Energy use pattern in wheat crop production system among different farmer’s group of Himalayan Tarai region. Current Sci., 118(3), 448-454.

Siipola V; Pflugmacher S; Romar H; Wendling L; Koukkari P. 2020. Low-cost biochar adsorbents for water purification including microplastics removal. Appl. Sci., 10 (788), 1-18.

Singh R D; Gumber S; Tewari P; Singh S P. 2016. Nature of forest fires in Uttarakhand: Frequency, size and seasonal patterns in relation to pre-monsoonal environment. Current Sci., 111(2), 398-403.

Singh T P; Kaur L. 2018. Effect of operational parameters on properties of pine needles cattle dung briquettes. Agric. Eng. Today, 42(2), 28-36.

Sipra A T; Gao N; Sarwar H. 2018. Municipal solid waste (MSW) pyrolysis for biofuel production: A review of effects of MSW components and catalysts. Fuel Process. Technol., 175, 131-147.

Song Q; Zhao H; Yu X W; Long S L; Hua Y L; Yang D; Shu X. 2018. Effects of various additives on the pyrolysis characteristics of municipal solid waste. Waste Manage., 78, 621-629.

Sotannde O A; Oluyege A O; Abah G B. 2009. Physical and combustion properties of charcoal briquettes from neem wood residues. Int. Agrophys., 24, 189-194.

Tiwari A; Thapa N; Aryal S; Rana P; Adhikari S. 2020. Growth performance of planted population of Pinus roxburghii in Central Nepal. J. Ecol. Environ., 44(31), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41610-020-00171-w

Tzamtzis N; Karma S; Pappa A; Statheropoulos M. 2006. On-line monitoring of pine needles combustion emissions in the presence of fire retardant using "thermogravimetry (TG)-bridge mass spectrometry method". Anal. Chim. Acta, 573, 439-444.

Varma A K; Mondal P. 2018. Pyrolysis of pine needles: Effects of process parameters on products yield and analysis of products. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 131, 2057-2072.

Warnecke R. 2000. Gasification of biomass: Comparison of fixed bed and fluidized bed gasifier. Biomass Bioenergy, 18, 489-497.

Yadvika S; Sreekrishnan T R; Kohli S; Rana V. 2004. Enhancement of biogas production from solid substrates using different techniques—A review. Bioresour. Technol., 95, 1-10.

Zhu X; Li X; Yao Q; Chen Y. 2011. Challenges and models in supporting logistics system design for dedicated biomass-based bioenergy industry. Bioresour. Technol., 102, 1344-1351.